Assessing the Impact of Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface Microbiome: Implications for Dry Eye Management and Ocular Health : Eye Microbiome

Abstract: Background: A powerful immunoregulatory function is provided by the ocular surface microbiome, which contributes to ocular pathogenesis, physiological integrity, and pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Using sodium hyaluronate eye drops (with or without a preservative) as a remedy for dry eye, we contrasted the bacterial communities' diversity and composition on the ocular surface before and after usage. Methods: We randomly divided 16 healthy adults into two groups. From each participant was required to provide a microbial sample at the start and after two weeks of the intervention. After sodium hyaluronate eye drops were administered, diversity and classification differences were compared between the groups. Results: Results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between the bacterial communities in the eyes of the two groups of healthy individuals. Although sodium hyaluronate eye drops (with or without preservatives) did alter the bacterial community, the results of alpha and beta diversity showed no significant differences between individuals or between groups. Conclusion: Eye drops containing sodium hyaluronate may affect the eye's bacterial community with or without benzalkonium chloride (BAC) levels. Depending on the individual and the eye, these changes may vary. &nbsp

Impact of Perioperative Management on Ocular Microbiota Composition and Diversity: A Study of Intravitreal Injection Patients with 16S rRNA Sequencing

Background: The ocular microbiota, which includes both commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, is constantly exposed to the ocular surface.  Material and Methods: In this study, two groups of patients were analyzed. Group A included 19 individuals who had not received intravitreal injections or undergone perioperative management. Group B, on the other hand, consisted of 22 patients who had received one, two, or more two treatments. The microbial samples collected from the ocular surface of these patients were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing using the HiSeq 2500 platform. Further analysis of the alpha/beta diversity and clustering of operating taxonomic units (OTUs) was carried out. Results: Our results show a significant difference in beta diversity was observed between group A (15 patients without intravitreal injections or perioperative management) and group B (patients with at least one, twice, or more than twice treatment) with a P value of 0.014. It was found that both the composition and relative abundance of cells were impacted by perioperative management in the lead-up to intravitreal injection. Additionally, a greater diversity of Gram-negative bacteria was observed and the most significant groups of microbiotas were found to be phyla and genera. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study found that perioperative management has a significant impact on the ocular microbiota, altering its composition and disrupting its balance. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to carefully consider perioperative management prior to administering intravitreal injections

A Review of the Management of Eye Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Conjunction with Recent Research on Eye Health Problems: Eye Microbiome

In the field of computer science, Artificial Intelligence can be considered one of the branches that study the development of algorithms that mimic certain aspects of human intelligence. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid advancement in the technology of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). This in turn has led to an increase in the use of deep learning methods in a variety of applications. For us to be able to understand how AI can be used in order to recognize eye diseases, it is crucial that we have a deep understanding of how AI works in its core concepts. This paper aims to describe the most recent and applicable uses of artificial intelligence in the various fields of ophthalmology disease

Influence of Four Phlomis Species on Melanogenesis in Human Malignant Melanoma (SKMEL-3) Cells

Background and objectives: Phytochemical studies have shown that the Phlomis species are rich in polyphenolics and iridoid glycosides and many of them have shown potential value in different biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Phlomis persica, P. brugieri, P. olivieri and P. anisodontea extracts on melanin production in human malignant melanoma (SKMEL-3) cells. Methods: The anti-tyrosinase activity of the extracts was investigated using mushroom tyrosinase assay. Cytotoxicity potentials were examined through MTT assay on SKMEL-3 cell line and then the level of melanin formation in SKMEL-3 cells was determined. Results: The anti-tyrosinase activity of the Phlomis extracts was not remarkable (about 0.1 mg/mL). All extracts significantly increased the melanin content in SKMEL-3 cells at 0.25 mg/mL and among them P. anisodontea extract seemed to be more efficient in stimulating melanin production. Conclusion: Based on our results, we suggest these total extracts particularly P. anisodontea extract contain the potent skin browning agents that can be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

تأثیر الإیمان بتعالیم سورة الحمد في مواجهة فایروس کورونا

سابقه و هدف: وظیفۀ دستگاه ایمنی مبارزه با ویروس‌ها، سرطان‌ها، عفونت‌ها و بیماری کرونا است. عوامل بسیاری مانند وراثت، تغذیه، آلودگی هوا، گازهای سمی، بیماری‌های قلبی و عروقی، دیابت، سرطان و فشار‌ خون در تقویت و تضعیف دستگاه ایمنی بدن تأثیر‌گذار است. یکی از عوامل تأثیر‌گذار در دستگاه ایمنی بدن آرامش و فشار‌های روانی، مغزی و عصبی مانند ترس، غم، افسردگی، اضطراب و خشم است. ایمان، اعتقادات و رفتارهای آرام‌بخش و شادی‌آفرین از عوامل مؤثر در تقویت دستگاه ایمنی در مواجهه با سرطان‌ها، عفونت‌ها و کرونا است و یکی از راه‌های تقویت دستگاه ایمنی در مقابل ویروس کرونا، ایمان به معارف سورۀ حمد است. البته، انسان‌ها حتی با ایمان قوی، اگر شیوه‌‌های بهداشتی دستگاه ایمنی را رعایت نکنند، بدنشان در مقابل ویروس‌ها ضعیف می‌شود و احتمالاً به مرگ آنان منجر شود. ازآنجایی‌که تاکنون پژوهشی دربارۀ تأثیر ایمان به معارف سورۀ حمد در مواجهه با کرونا، صورت نگرفته است، هدف این پژوهش بیان و اثبات چگونگی تأثیر ایمان به معارف سورۀ حمد در تقویت دستگاه ایمنی در مواجهه با ویروس کرونا بود. روش کار: روش این پژوهش اسنادی-تحلیلی است و کلید‌واژه‌های دستگاه ایمنی، ویروس کرونا، فشار‌های روانی، آرامش و هم‌خانواده‌ها و مترادف‌ها و متضاد‌ها و معادل‌های انگلیسی و عربی آنها در آن به کار برده شد. علاوه‌براین، از منابع اسلامی مانند قرآن ‌کریم، نهج‌البلاغه و کتاب‌های معتبر روان‌شناسی مانند هیلگارد و سانتراک استفاده شد. مؤلفان مقاله تضاد منافعی دربارۀ این پژوهش گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: ایمان به معارف سورۀ حمد موجب افزایش رضایتمندی، آرامش و شادکامی و کاهش ترس‌ها و فشار‌های روانی مغزی و عصبی؛ و این امر موجب تقویت دستگاه ایمنی در مواجهه با ویروس کرونا می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: یکی از راه‌های تقویت دستگاه ایمنی در مواجهه با کرونا، ایمان و عمل به معارف سورۀ حمد است.Background and Objective: The function of the immune system is to fight against viruses, cancers, infections, and corona disease. Many factors, such as heredity, nutrition, air pollution, toxic gases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and blood pressure, are effective in strengthening and weakening the body's immune system. One of the factors affecting the body's immune system is relaxation and mental, cerebral, and nervous pressures such as fear, sadness, depression, anxiety, and anger. Faith, beliefs, and calming and positive behaviors are influential in strengthening the immune system in the face of cancers, infections, and corona, and one of the ways to reinforce the immune system against the corona virus is faith in the teachings of chapter Al-Hamd of the Quran. Of course, even with strong faith, if they do not observe the health protocols related to the immune system, the body will be weak against viruses and possibly die. Many articles have been written about the coronavirus. Still, so far, no research has been done on the effect of faith in the teachings of chapter Al-Hamd in the face of the corona virus. Therefore, this study tried to explain and prove how faith in the teachings of Surah Hamad affects the strengthening of the immune system in the face of the corona virus. Methods: The method used in the present study is library based analytical and the keywords faith and belief, mental health, Chapter Al-Hamd, stress and worries, corona, severe fear and their derivations, synonyms, antonyms and Arabic and English equivalents were used for this purpose. Furthermore, Islamic sources such as the Quran, Nahj ul-Balaghah and valid psychology books such as those by Hilgard and Santrock were also used as source. The authors reported no conflict of interests in this study. Results: Belief in the teachings of chapter Al-Hamd of the Quran causes satisfaction, peace, and happiness and reduction of fears and chronic psychological stress in the brain and the nervous system, and leads to strengthening of the immune system against the corona virus. Conclusion: One of the ways to strengthen the immune system in the face of Corona is to believe in and practice the teachings of chapter Al-Hamd of the Quran.خلفية البحث وأهدافه: یعمل الجهاز المناعي للإنسان علی محاربة الفایروسات، والسرطانات، الأمراض المعدیة ومن بینها وباء کورونا. وثمّة الکثیر من الأسباب والعوامل التي تعزز الجهاز المناعي أو تضعفه مثل العامل الوراثي، ونظام التغذیة، التلوثات، والطقس، الغازات السامّة، وأمراض القلب والأوعیة الدمویة، والسکري، والسرطان، وضغط الدم. ومن بین أهم الأسباب التي تعزز الجهاز المناعي هي الهدوء والضغوط النفسیة، والدماغیة والعصبیة مثل الشعور بالخوف، والقلق، والألم، الکآبة، والشعور بالغضب. ومن أهم العوامل التي تخلق حالة من الهدوء والطمأنیة لدی الإنسان هي الإیمان والعقیدة والسلوك الإنساني الذي ینمّ عن روح إنسانیة وإدخال الفرح والسرور في قلب الإنسان. هذه من أهمّ العوامل التي تعزز مناعة الإنسان في مواجهة أمراض السرطان، والأمراض المعدیة مثل کورونا. ومن أهم المحفزات التي تعزز الجهاز المناعي في مواجهة فایروس کورونا، هي الإیمان بتعالیم سورة الحمد. لکن هذا لا یعني المناعة الکاملة وتحت أيّ شروط؛ فإن لم یمتثل الإنسان للتعالیم الصحیة فإنّه سوف یواجه تحدیات جسدیة جمّة وقد ینتهي به المطاف إلی الموت. وبما أنّ هذا المجال هو مجال حدیث، فلم یتطرق إلیه حتی الآن ولم توضع دراسة مستقلة حول تأثیر تعالیم سورة الحمد في مواجهة وباء کورونا. فقد تهدف الدراسة إلی إثبات آلیة تأثیر الإیمان بتعالیم سورة الحمد في تعزیز الجهاز المناعي في مواجهة فایروس کورونا. منهجية البحث: اعتمدت الدراسة المنهجیة الإسنادیة/ التحلیلیة. والکلمات الأساسیة التمرددة بکثرة في هذه المقالة هي: الجهاز المناعي، وفایروس کورونا، الضغوط النفسیة، والهدوء ومشتقات هذه المفردات وما یعادلها باللغتین الإنجلیزیة والعربیة. وفضلاً عن ذلك، فقد استفادت المقالة من المصادر الإسلامیة مثل القرآن الکریم، ونهج البلاغة، وکبریات کتب ونظریات علم النفس مثل هیلجارد، وسانتراك. تمت مراعاة جمیع الموارد الأخلاقیة في هذا البحث وإضافة إلی ذلك فإنّ مولفي البحث لم یشیروا إلی أيّ تضارب في المصالح. المعطیات: اظهرت النتائج أنّ الإیمان بتعالیم سورة الحمد یرفع من مستوی الرضا والهدوء والشعور بالسعادة من جانب، ویساعد الإنسان علی التخلص من القلق والتوتر والضغط النفسي، والعصبي من جانب آخر. وکل هذا یساعد علی تعزیز نشاطات الجهاز المناعي في مواجهة فایروس کورونا. الاستنتاج: تقول النتائج التي حصلت علیها الدراسة أنّ الإیمان بتعالیم سورة الحمد من أهم طرق تعزیز نشاط الجهاز المناعي في مواجهة کورونا

Exploring the Microbial Changes in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction through 16S rDNA Sequencing: Eye Microbiome

Background:&nbsp; The study examines bacterial community diversity in patients with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) using 16S rDNA sequencing, compared to healthy individuals. The goal is to understand microbial changes in MGD and provide insights into potential treatments. Material and Methods: 27 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the (EMBL-EBI) website, consisting of 3 sequences from healthy individuals, 7 sequences from individuals with mild Meibomian gland dysfunction, 6 sequences from individuals with moderate Meibomian gland dysfunction, and 11 sequences from individuals with severe Meibomian gland dysfunction. An algorithm utilizing machine learning was applied to identify the association with each sequence. A trained classifier was then used to create an OTU table. Results: Our results found that there were significant differences in alpha diversity among individuals with severe (MGD) and healthy individuals. Furthermore, the microbial composition was found to be similar across all groups, regardless of their MGD status. Conclusions: This study highlights the correlation between meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and imbalances in the bacterial microbiota on the ocular surface. The results suggest a role for Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Sphingomonas in the development of MGD, with a positive correlation between MGD severity and bacterial abundance. The findings provide a basis for considering antibiotics in MGD treatment, with insights into the microbiome's role in the pathogenesis of the condition

A r c h i v e o f S I D Cytogenetic Alterations in Preimplantation Mice Embryos Following Male Mouse Gonadal Gamma-irradiation: Comparison of Two Methods for Reproductive Toxicity Screening

Abstract Background: Genome instability is a main cause of chromosomal alterations in both somatic and germ cells when exposed to environmental, physical and chemical genotoxicants. Germ cells especially spermatozoa are more vulnerable to suffering from DNA damaging agents during spermatogenesis and also more potent in transmitting genome instability to next generation. Methods: To investigate the effects of γ-rays on inducing abnormalities manifested as numerical Chromosome Aberrations (CA) and Micronucleus (MN) i